Umahluko kwezinto zeGrade ze-ASTM TP347, ANSITP347H ne-TP347HFG

I-ASTM TP347, TP347H, kunye ne-TP347HFG ziindidi zentsimbi engatyiwayo ye-austenitic ezinxulumene ngokusondeleyo ezisetyenziswa apho ubushushu, ukugqwala, kunye nobomi benkonzo obude kubalulekile. Umahluko ophambili yindlela igridi nganye elungelelanisa ngayo umxholo wekhabhoni, ukuzinza kwe-niobium, isakhiwo seembewu, kunye namandla kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu. Kubunjineli, kubathengi, nakwamaqela eeprojekthi, ukukhetha imathiriyeli efanelekileyo ye-tp347h akukho malunga negama kuphela kodwa kakhulu malunga nokuhambelanisa igridi kunye namaqondo obushushu, uxinzelelo, imveliso, kunye neemfuno zokuhlolwa.

Yintoni umahluko phakathi kwe-TP347, i-TP347H, kunye ne-TP347HFG?

I-TP347 luhlobo oluqhelekileyo oluzinziswe nge-niobium, i-TP347H yinguqulelo enekhabhoni ephezulu eyenzelwe amandla angcono kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kwaye i-TP347HFG yinguqulelo enezinhlayiyana ezincinci ye-TP347H eyaphuhliselwa iinkonzo ezifuna kakhulu ze-boiler kunye nokudlulisa ubushushu. Zontathu ziyinxalenye yosapho lwe-ASTM yentsimbi engatyiwayo kwaye zihlala zichongiwe kwiityhubhu, imibhobho, ii-superheaters, ii-reheaters, ii-heat exchangers, kunye nezixhobo zenkqubo.

Eyona ndlela ilula yokuzahlula kukusebenzisa injongo yokusebenza:

• TP347: Intsimbi engatyiwayo yohlobo lwe-austenitic ezinzisiweyo yokumelana nokugqwala nokumelana nokugqwala okwenzeka phakathi kweengqameko emva kokushisela okanye ukufudunyezwa.
• TP347H: Uhlobo lwe-TP347 olunekhabhoni ephezulu, oludla ngokuchongwa xa amandla okuxhathisa ukutsindeka kunye nokusebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kubaluleke ngakumbi.
• TP347HFG: Uhlobo lwe-TP347H olulungelelanisiweyo ngokucokisekileyo, olujoliswe ekuphuculeni indlela yokusebenza kwiimeko ezinzima zokuhambisa ubushushu, ingakumbi apho ukuthembeka kwetubhu nokuzinza komphezulu kubaluleke kakhulu.

U “H” ku-TP347H ubalulekile. Uluhlu oluphezulu lwekhabhoni, olusoloko luphakathi kwe-0.04–0.10%, lunika amandla angcono kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kuno-TP347 oqhelekileyo. INiobium, ekwabizwa ngokuba yi-columbium kwiinkcukacha ezindala, inceda ukuzinza intsimbi ngokubopha ikhabhoni nokunciphisa ukuhlangana kwe-chromium carbide. Yiyo loo nto izinto ze-astm tp347h grade zihlala ziqwalaselwa xa kufuneka ukumelana nobushushu kunye nokuzinza ekugugeni.

Uthelekiso lweMigangatho yeetiyupu zentsimbi engatyiwayo i-TP347, i-TP347H kunye ne-TP347HFG

I-chemistry esemva kwempumelelo yamanqaku

Ukwakhiwa kweekhemikhali zezi danga kuchaza uninzi lwendlela eziphatha ngayo. I-TP347 isekelwe kwikhromiyam nikeniyili ukuze ibe nokusebenza njengentsimbi engatyiwayo yohlobo lwe-austenitic, ize emva koko izinziswe nge-niobium ukukhusela korosheni ephakathi kweengqameko. I-TP347H igcina ingqikelelo efanayo yomxube wentsimbi kodwa isebenzisa ikhabhoni enomlinganiselo olawulwayo ophezulu ukuphucula amandla ayo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

Ngokwenene, incoko yokukhetha izinto idla ngokujikeleza kwezi zinto zilandelayo:

• Ikhabhoni: Iphezulu kwi-TP347H kunaku-TP347, nto leyo ephucula amandla kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugoba kancinci kancinci.
• Ikromiyam: Ixhasa ukhuselo lwe-oksijini nokungatyiwa xa kusetyenziswa kubushushu obuphezulu.
• I-Nickel: Igcina isakhiwo se-austenitic kwaye inceda ukuqina nokukwazi ukubunjwa.
• Inyobiyam/ikolumbiyam: Yomeleza ikhabhoni, inciphisa umngcipheko wokubangela ukusabela kwezinto ezingamanzi kunye nomhlwa phakathi kweegranules.
• Imanganisi, isilika, ifosforasi, nesalfu: Ilawulwa ngaphakathi kwemida echaziweyo ukuxhasa ukuqhutywa, ukukwazi ukutshixwa, kunye nomgangatho.

Kungenxa yoko le nto iintlobo ezimbini zentsimbi engatyiwayo ezikhangeleka zifana kwi-odolo yokuthenga zisenokungasebenzi ngokufanayo xa zisetyenziswa. Ukuba isixhobo sisebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphakathi, i-TP347 isenokwanela. Ukuba isebenza ishushu ixesha elide, ingakumbi kwi-boiler okanye kwi-heat exchanger, i-TP347H okanye i-TP347HFG inganika umda okhuselekileyo wobunjineli.

Kutheni isixhobo i-TP347H silungele ukusetyenziswa kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu?

Imathiriyeli ye-TP347H ilungele ukusetyenziswa kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu kuba umthamo wayo ophezulu wekhabhoni uphucula amandla okuxhathisa ukugoba kancinci kancinci, ngelixa ukuzinziswa nge-niobium kunceda intsimbi ukuba imelane nokugqwala phakathi kwezangqa xa ibethwe bubushushu ixesha elide. Le ndibanisela iyenza ibe luncedo kwiityhubhu ze-boiler, iityhubhu ze-superheater, iityhubhu ze-reheater, izitshintshi-bushushu, izixhobo zokucoca i-oyile, kunye nezinye iinkqubo apho i-stainless steel kufuneka ihlale izinzile phantsi kobushushu noxinzelelo.

Ukumelana nokuqina kancinci kubaluleke kakhulu. Kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu, iintsimbi zinokuguquka kancinci phantsi komthwalo, nokuba umthwalo ungaphantsi komlinganiselo wamandla azo kwiqondo lobushushu eliqhelekileyo. I-TP347H yenzelwe ukumelana nolo hlobo loxinzelelo lobushushu lwexesha elide ngcono kune-TP347 eqhelekileyo.

Izicelo eziqhelekileyo ziquka:

1. Ukuveliswa kombane: Imibhobho ye-superheater, ye-reheater, neyebhoyila ebethwe ngamaqondo obushushu aphezulu anqabileyo.
2. Ukuqhutywa kwe-petrochemical: Iipayipi kunye namacandelo esifudumezi apho kukho iigesi ezishushu okanye imisinga yenkqubo eyonakalisayo.
3. Izitshintshi zokushisa: Iityhubhu namacandelo ekufuneka zikwazi ukumelana nokuphindaphindwa kokufudumala nokupholisa.
4. Inkonzo yokucoca Izixhobo ezichanabekile kwimeko yenkqubo yobushushu obuphezulu kunye nomngcipheko wokuguga.
5. Iifurnesi zemizi-mveliso: Iinxalenye ezifuna uzinzo lwe-austenitic stainless kwiqondo lobushushu eliphezulu.

I-TP347H isoloko ithelekiswa neengqikithi ezifana ne-TP304H kunye ne-TP316H. I-TP304H ikwayingqikithi ye-austenitic enekhabhoni ephezulu, kodwa ayinayo i-niobium yokuzinzisa. I-TP316H ine-molybdenum, enokuphucula ukumelana kwiimeko ezine-chloride, kodwa i-TP347H isoloko ikhethwa xa ezona zinto ziphambili zixhalabisayo zizinziso nokuthembeka kwesakhiwo kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

Iimpawu zomatshini nentetho yazo kusetyenziso

Iimfuno zeempawu zomatshini zixhomekeke kumgangatho we-ASTM osetyenziswayo, imo yomkhiqizo, ubukhulu bodonga, kunye nemeko yokugqibela. Kwiinkcukacha ezininzi zeetiyubhu neepayipi ze-TP347H, amaxabiso asezantsi aqhelekileyo aquka amandla okutsalwa ajikeleze i-515 MPa, amandla okuncama ajikeleze i-205 MPa, kunye neemfuno zoluleko ezisoloko zikwingqokelela ye-35–40%. La manani aluncedo njengezikhokelo zocwangciso, kodwa isicwangciso sokuthenga kunye nesatifikethi sovavanyo lwezinto kufuneka zisoloko zilawula.

Kubathengi kunye neenjineli, la manani abalulekile kuba anxulumana ngqo nomngcipheko wenkonzo:

• Amandla okutsaleka Ibonisa ukuba isixhobo singakwazi ukumelana namandla okutsala angakanani phambi kokuba sonakale.
• Amandla okunciphisa Ibonisa ukuba ukuguquka okusisigxina kungaqala nini.
• Ukweluleka ibonisa ukuguquguquka, okunceda ekuyileni, ekwenzeni, nasekumelaneni nokuqhekeka lula.
• Ukuqina kunokubonisa iimeko zokuqhuba umsebenzi, umsebenzi obandayo, kunye nokufaneleka ukuze kuqhutywe eminye imisebenzi yokwenziwa.

Ukusebenza ngokuqhwa kunokusetyenziswa ukuphucula iimpawu ezithile zoomatshini, kodwa kufuneka kulawulwe ngononophelo. Ukuqina okugqithisileyo okanye ukubunjwa okungalawulwayo kunokuchaphazela ukusebenza kwemveliso, uzinzo lobungakanani, kunye nokwamkelwa kohlolo. Kwisebenziso esibaluleke kakhulu, iziphumo zovavanyo loomatshini kufuneka ziphononongwe kunye neerekhodi zonyango lobushushu kunye neengxelo zovavanyo olungonakalisiyo.

Imigangatho, unyango lobushushu, kunye neemfuno zovavanyo

I-ASTM A213 idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nemibhobho ye-boiler, ye-superheater, neye-heat-exchanger eyintsimbi-alloy ye-ferritic ne-austenitic engenamthungo, ngelixa i-ASTM A312 idla ngokusetyenziswa kwipayipi yentsimbi engatyiwayo ye-austenitic. Kuxhomekeke ekubeni iodolo yeyomibhobho okanye yeyepayipi, imveliso engatyiwayo okanye eweldeweyo, kunye nenkonzo yoxinzelelo okanye yokudlulisa ubushushu, umgangatho ofanelekileyo kufuneka uchazwe ngokucacileyo.

Ingcaciso elungileyo kufuneka ichaze:

• Umgangatho we-ASTM osetyenziswayo, onjenge-A213 okanye i-A312.
• Iklasi, enjenge-TP347, i-TP347H, okanye i-TP347HFG.
• Ifomu yemveliso, kuquka Umbhobho ongacudisiweyo, ipayipi eweldewe, okanye enye imo efunekayo.
• Imilinganiselo, iintollerensi, ubukhulu bodonga, nobude.
• Imiqathango yonyango lobushushu kunye nokugqitywa komphezulu.
• Uvavanyo olufunekayo, olufana novavanyo lokutsalwa, uvavanyo lobulukhuni, uvavanyo lwe-hydrostatic, uvavanyo lwe-ultrasonic, uvavanyo lwe-eddy current, okanye i-PMI.
• Iimfuno zamaxwebhu, kuquka nezatifikethi zovavanyo lwezinto.

Unyango lobushushu lwe-TP347H ludla ngokuquka i-solution annealing okanye i-austenitizing kubushushu obuphezulu, rhoqo kulingana nobushushu obuphakathi kwe-1010–1193°C, kulandelwe kukupholisa okukhawulezayo njengokutshibilikisa emanzini. Injongo kukubuyisela isakhiwo se-austenitic esizinzileyo, ukunyibilikisa iipresipiteyithi eziyingozi, nokulungiselela imathiriyeli ukuba isetyenziswe kwiimeko ezinzima. Ukutshixela ngokubanzi kuyasebenza kwi-TP347H, kodwa ukukhethwa kwezinto zokuzalisa, inani lobushushu obufakwayo, ukucocwa, kunye nokuhlolwa kufuneka zilawulwe ukuze kugcinwe ukuxhathisa ukugqwala kunye nokusebenza kwayo ngokobuchwepheshe.

Iityhubhu zentsimbi engatyiwayo ze-ASTM TP347H zokusetyenziswa kwi-boiler nakwi-heat exchanger.

Ungayikhetha njani igreyidi efanelekileyo?

Khetha i-TP347 xa kufuneka ukusebenza okuzinzileyo kwentsimbi engatyiwayo kodwa imfuno yobushushu ayigqithisanga, i-TP347H xa amandla obushushu obuphezulu ixesha elide ebaluleke kakhulu, kunye ne-TP347HFG xa kucacisiwe imibhobho ye-TP347H enezinto ezincinci kakhulu yomsebenzi onzima we-boiler okanye wokudlulisa ubushushu. Ukukhetha okufanelekileyo kuxhomekeke kwqondo lobushushu lokusebenza, uxinzelelo, iimeko zokugqwetheka, indlela yokwenziwa, kunye nomgangatho weprojekthi olawulayo.

Sebenzisa olu luhlu lokujonga olusebenzisekayo phambi kokuba u-odole izinto zokwakha zeklasi ye-astm tp347h:

• Qinisekisa uluhlu oluchanekileyo lwamaqondo obushushu enkonzo, kuquka imijikelo yokuqalisa nokuvala.
• Chonga ukuba icandelo liyityhubhu, ipayipi, ifittingi, okanye isixhobo esenziweyo.
• Jonga ukuba ASTM A213, ASTM A312, okanye omnye umgangatho weprojekthi uyasebenza.
• Chaza i-TP347H kuphela xa kuyimfuneko ngokwenene udidi olunekhabhoni eninzi.
• Buza ukuba i-TP347HFG iyafuneka na ukuze iitubhu zebhoyila zomgangatho ophezulu zisebenze kakuhle.
• Hlola iimeko zokugqwala, ingakumbi iiklorayidi, iikhemikhali zesulfur, okanye iimeko ezinyibilikisayo.
• Qinisekisa inkqubo yoku-welda, isinyithi sokuzalisa, kunye neemfuno zokuhlola.
• Kufuneka kubekho ubungqina obupheleleyo bokulandeleka kunye namaxwebhu ovavanyo kwizixhobo ezibaluleke kakhulu.

Impazamo eqhelekileyo kukuphatha i-TP347, i-TP347H, kunye ne-TP347HFG ngokungathi ziyatshintshana kuba amagama azo abonakala efana. Ekuvelisweni okqhelekileyo, oko kunokubonakala kungayiniki ngingozi. Noko ke, kwiinkonzo zoxinzelelo lobushushu obuphezulu, umahluko wedigri unokuchaphazela ubomi bokukhubazeka, ukumelana nomhlwa, ukusebenza kokuncamathisela, kunye nokuthotyelwa kwekhowudi yoyilo.

Ingcaciso ecacileyo ithintela iimpazamo ezibizayo zokubhala.

Eyona ndlela ikhuselekileyo yokuthenga okanye ukucacisa i-ASTM stainless steel kukubhala iimfuno ngolwimi olupheleleyo nolucacileyo. Endaweni yokucela nje “i-347 stainless,” chaza umgangatho we-ASTM, igradi, ubungakanani, ubukhulu bodonga, indlela yokwenziwa, unyango lobushushu, uvavanyo, kunye neemfuno zesiqinisekiso. Oku kunciphisa ithuba lokufumana imathiriyeli efana ngokwekhemikhali kodwa ingafanelekanga kwinkonzo ekujoliswe kuyo.

I-TP347, i-TP347H, kunye ne-TP347HFG nganye kuzo inendawo yayo eluncedo kwiinkqubo zemizi-mveliso. I-TP347 inika ukumelana nomhlwa okuzinzileyo, i-TP347H yongeza amandla okusebenza kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu, kwaye i-TP347HFG ibonelela ngokhetho lweegreyini ezicwengileyo kwiinkqubo zemibhobho ezifuna kakhulu. Xa imeko yokusebenza iquka ubushushu obuqhubekayo, uxinzelelo, kunye nokuthembeka okubalulekileyo, imathiriyeli ye-tp347h isoloko iludidi olunika iinjineli ulungelelwaniso olufanelekileyo lokuzinza namandla abaludingayo.