304 VS UNS32205 Kwi-Heat Exchanger Yintoni Umahluko

Ukukhetha phakathi kwe-304 stainless steel kunye ne-UNS S32205 duplex stainless steel kunokutshintsha ixesha elithatha lona i-heat exchanger, ubuninzi bexesha ekufuneka ilungiswe ngalo, kunye nokuba isebenza ngokukhuselekileyo kangakanani na kwiinkonzo ezigugisayo. Ngamafutshane, i-304 lukhetho olusebenzisekayo nolusetyenziswa kakhulu kwiimeko zokusingqongileyo ezithambileyo, ngelixa i-UNS S32205 yenzelwe amandla aphezulu nokumelana ngcono nomhlwa kwiitshintshi-bushushu zoshishino ezinzima.

Kwiinjineli, kubathengi, nakumaqela ezityalo, olona khetho lufanelekileyo asilulo isixhobo esinamaphepha edatha anomtsalane kakhulu. Kusesisixhobo esihambelana nekhemistri yelulwelo, iqondo lobushushu, uxinzelelo, iimfuno zokuveliswa, kunye neendleko zexesha lempilo yesiguquli sobushushu.

Yintoni umahluko wokwenene phakathi kwe-304 ne-UNS S32205 kwizitshintshi-bushushu?

Umahluko wokwenene kukuba i-304 stainless steel yintsimbi engatyiwayo yohlobo lwe-austenitic elungele ukumelana nokugqwala ngokubanzi kwiimeko ezithambileyo, ngelixa i-UNS S32205 iyintsimbi engatyiwayo yohlobo lwe-duplex eyenzelwe amandla aphezulu oomatshini kunye nokumelana okungcono nokugqwala okunxulumene ne-chloride. Kwisiguquli-bushushu, loo mahluko ubalulekile kuba iityhubhu, iipleyiti, iishedi, kunye neendawo ezidityanisiweyo zisoloko zibethwa bubushushu, uxinzelelo, isantya selo lulwelo, kunye nohlaselo lweekhemikhali.

Isigqibo sokukhetha phakathi kwe-304 ne-uns32205 kwi-heat exchanger siqala rhoqo kwimeko yokusebenza. Ukuba i-exchanger iphatha amanzi acocekileyo, ulwelo lwenkqubo oluneklorayidi encinci, okanye inkonzo yamanzi angaphakathi, i-304 isenokwanela kwaye ingabizi mali ininzi. Ukuba iyunithi isebenza ngamanzi olwandle, amanzi anetyuwa, iiklorayidi, inkonzo enevumba elibi, okanye iikhemikhali ezinobungozi, i-UNS S32205 idla ngokunika umda wokhuseleko oqinileyo.

Umahluko ukwistruktura. I-UNS S32205 inomthamo wokuguga ophezulu kakhulu kune-304, nto leyo enokuvumela iinxalenye ezibhityileyo kuyilo oluthile ngelixa kusahlangatshezwa neemfuno zoomatshini. Oku kunokunciphisa ubunzima kwaye kunokuhlawulela inxalenye yexabiso eliphezulu lezinto, ngakumbi kwizixhobo zokutshintshisana ngobushushu ezinkulu zemizi-mveliso.

Umzobo oqhekezekileyo wemibhobho kunye nekhava yotshintshi-lobushushu lwentsimbi engatyiwayo.

Isakhiwo sesixhobo simisela ukusebenza

I-304 stainless steel ikwizizalwane ze-austenitic stainless. Idla ngokuchazwa njengodidi lwe-18Cr-8Ni, okuthetha ukuba inentsalela emalunga ne-18 pesenti yechromium ne-8 pesenti yenickel. Olu lwakhiwo lweekhemikhali luyinika ukumelana okubanzi nokugqwala, ukulula ukuyibumba, kunye nokukwazi ukudityaniswa kakuhle ngokufudumeza, nto leyo eyenza ifumaneke kwiintlobo ezininzi ze-heat exchanger nakwiinkqubo zoshishino ngokubanzi.

UNS S32205, edla ngokunxulunyaniswa ne-2205 I-duplex engagqwali, inesakhiwo esincinci esixubeneyo se-austenitic-ferritic. Ikhemistri yayo idla ngokuba ne-chromium ephezulu, i-nickel ephantsi kuneendidi ezininzi ze-austenitic, i-molybdenum, kunye ne-nitrogen. Olu dityaniso luphucula ukumelana nokugqwala okwenzeka kwimingxuma nakwimifantu, ingakumbi apho kukho iikhlorayidi.

Loo ndalo ye-duplex sesona sizathu sokuba i-UNS S32205 iqhube ngokwahlukileyo xa isetyenziswa. Inamandla ngakumbi kwaye iyakwazi ukumelana nokuqhekeka okubangelwa yi-stress corrosion ye-chloride kunohlobo lwe-304. Nangona kunjalo, ifuna inkathalo engakumbi ngexesha lokwenziwa, ukutshiswa, kunye nokusikwa.

Kwiimathiriyeli ze-heat exchanger, olu luyena mba uphambili kufuneka kulinganiswe: i-304 kulula kwaye idla ngokuba nexabiso eliphantsi ukuyenza, ngelixa i-UNS S32205 izisa amandla aphezulu kunye nokumelana nokugqwala okungcono kwiimeko ezinzima.

Ukumelana nomhlwa ngumahluko ophambili.

Ukumelana nomhlwa kudla ngokuba yeyona nto igqiba umba kuba ukonakala komhlwa kwizixhobo zokutshintshisana ubushushu kunokubiza kakhulu kwaye kuphazamise umsebenzi. Ukuvuza kwethumbu elincinci kunokubangela ukungcolisana okwahlukeneyo phakathi kwezinto ezingamanzi, kunciphise ukusebenza kakuhle kokufudumeza, kubangele ukuvalwa, okanye konakalise izixhobo ezisebenza emva koko.

I-304 stainless steel isebenza kakuhle kwiimeko ezininzi ezicocekileyo, ezingathathi cala, nezinecloride encinci. Inokuba lukhetho olunengqiqo apho ulwelo olusetyenziswayo lungabukhali kwaye iindlela zokucoca zilawulwayo. Kodwa isesichengeni sokugqwala okwenza imingxuma emincinci (pitting), ukugqwala okwenzeka kwiintanda (crevice corrosion), kunye nokuqhekeka okubangelwa luxinzelelo nokugqwala (stress corrosion cracking) xa kukho iiclorides, ingakumbi kumaqondo obushushu aphezulu.

I-UNS S32205 yenzelwe ukumelana neemeko ezinzima ngakumbi. I-chromium, i-molybdenum, kunye ne-nitrogen ekuquletheyo ziyinika amandla angcono okuthintela ukugqwala okwenzeka kwimingxuma nakwizikhewu kuno-304. Ngokwenene, oko kuyenza ilungele ngakumbi amanzi olwandle, amanzi anetyuwa, iinkqubo zokukhupha ityuwa emanzini, ukuqhutywa kweekhemikhali, kunye nezinye iimeko ezine-chloride.

Iingozi eziqhelekileyo zokugqwala kwizitshintshi-bushushu

Xa kuvavanywa izixhobo ze-heat exchanger, qwalasela ngenyameko eziingozi:

• Ukugqwala okwenza imingxuma: Uhlaselo olulawulwayo olwenza imingxuma emincinci, enzulwileyo, isoloko lwenzeka kwiilwelo ezineklorayidi.
• Ukugqwala kwemithungo: Ukugqwala okuvela kwiizikhewu ezixineneyo, kwiidipozithi, kwiindawo zegasketi, okanye kwiindawo ezimileyo.
• Ukuqhekeka ngenxa yoxinzelelo nentsholo: Uqhekeko olubangelwa luxinzelelo lokutsaleka kunye nemeko enobungunda, oludla ngokunxulunyaniswa neeklorayidi kwiintsimbi ezingatyiwayo.
• Ukugqwala kwe-galvanic: Ukugqwala okukhawulezisiweyo okubangelwa kukudibana kweentsimbi ezahlukeneyo kwi-electrolyte.
• Ukugqwala okubangelwa kukunqongophala kwe-deposit: Uhlaselo olungaphantsi kwe-scale, i-sediment, i-biofilm, okanye iileya zokungcola.

I-304 inokuthenjwa xa eziingozi ziphantsi. I-UNS S32205 iba nomtsalane ngakumbi xa eziingozi zifakwe kwiimeko zenkonzo kunokuba zibe zizinto ezenzeka ngamathuba athile.

Amandla ayitshintsha incoko yoyilo.

Amandla oomatshini asiyondawo nje inani elikwiphepha leenkcukacha. Kwisixhobo sokutshintshiselana ngobushushu, achaphazela ubukhulu bodonga, amandla okunyamezela uxinzelelo, ukunyamezela ukungcangcazela, ukuphathwa, kunye nokukwazi ukumelana noxinzelelo loomatshini ngexesha lokusebenza.

I-304 stainless steel inokugobeka nokuqina okukhulu, inamandla okuqala ukugoba angama-0.2 ekhulwini, ngokomlinganiselo angama-205 MPa, kunye nokweluleka okusondele kuma-40 ekhulwini. Oku kwenza ibe lula ukuyibumba nokuyisebenzisa ekwenzeni izinto. Iyaqondwa kakuhle ngabenzi kwaye ifumaneka ngokuxhaphakileyo ngeendlela ezininzi zemveliso.

I-UNS S32205 inamandla aphezulu kakhulu, amandla ayo okuqalisa ukugobeka adla ngokuba kwi-450 MPa nangaphezulu, kwaye amandla okuqina adla ngokuba kwi-620 MPa nangaphezulu. Ukweluleka kwayo kuphantsi kunokwe-304, kusoloko kuphakathi kwe-25 ne-30 pesenti, kodwa kusenelisa kwiidizayini ezininzi zemizi-mveliso xa ukwenziwa kwayo kulawulwa kakuhle.

Olu matheko luphezulu lunokuba luncedo kwizikhongozeli zoxinzelelo, iipakethe zemibhobho, iipleyiti, kunye namacandelo abethwa ngumthwalo wemishini. Kwezinye iimeko, iinjineli zinokuchaza iindonga ezibhityileyo okanye amacandelo akhaphukhaphu ngelixa zigcina iimfuno zomthamo. Oko akuthethi ngokuzenzekelayo ukuba yonke i-exchanger ye-UNS S32205 inexabiso eliphantsi okanye ilula, kodwa inika abayili iindlela ezininzi abanokukhetha kuzo.

I-304 ne-UNS S32205 zisebenza njani kwiinkonzo ezahlukeneyo zokutshintshisana ubushushu?

I-304 isebenza kakuhle kakhulu kwiinkonzo ezilula, ezilawulwayo apho umngcipheko wemhlwa unqongophele, ngelixa i-UNS S32205 isebenza ngcono kwiinkonzo ezinetyuwa eninzi, ezinokutshisa kakhulu ngokwezakhi, okanye ezifuna amandla kakhulu ngokwenkqubo. Okukhona imeko yokusebenza isiba mandundu, kokukhona ulungelelwaniso lutshintshelela ngakwi- I-duplex engagqwali.

Kwiinkqubo zamanzi ezisisebenzisi ezine-chloride encinci, i-304 inokubonelela ngokusebenza okuthembekileyo ukuba amaqondo obushushu, iikhemikhali zokucoca, kunye nokungcola kulawulwa. Inokusetyenziswa kwakhona kwiimeko zenkqubo zangaphakathi apho ikhemistri yamanzi izinzile kwaye ayiburi kakhulu.

Kusetyenziso lwaselwandle, olungaphandle, lokukhupha amanzi anetyuwa, kunye nolwamanzi anetyuwa kakhulu, i-304 idla ngokuba lukhetho olunomngcipheko. Iikhlorayidi zinokuhlasela intsimbi engatyiwayo ngokukhawuleza phantsi kweemeko ezifanelekileyo, ingakumbi kwiimeko-meko, kwiindawo apho amanzi ema khona, okanye kwiindawo ezishushu. I-UNS S32205 ifaneleke ngakumbi kuba yenzelwe ukumelana ngcono kanye nezi meko zokusingqongileyo.

Kwinkqubo yokulungiswa kweekhemikhali, impendulo ixhomekeke kwikhemikhali ethile, umlinganiselo wayo, ubushushu, kunye namanqanaba ongcoliseko. Ezinye iikhemikhali ezithambileyo zinokuhambelana ne-304, ngelixa imixube ebukhali ngakumbi isenokufuna izixhobo ze-UNS S32205 okanye ezinye izixhobo ze-alloy ezikumgangatho ophezulu ngakumbi. Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo kufuneka kuhlale kuqwalasela zombini iimeko zokusebenza eziqhelekileyo kunye neemeko ezingxamisekileyo.

Isikhokelo sokusebenzisa

Sebenzisa i-304 intsimbi engatyiwayo nini:

• Inkonzo ilula, icocekile, kwaye inekhowulayidi encinci.
• Uxinzelelo lwebhajethi luphezulu kwaye umngcipheko wemhlwa ucacile ukuba unqongophele.
• Ukulula kokwenziwa, kokubunjwa, nokudityaniswa ngokuncamathisela yeyona nto iphambili.
• Isitshintshi sobushushu sisebenza kwimeko elawulwayo yangaphakathi.
• Ukufikelela kulungiso kulula kwaye iziphumo zokungaphumeleli ziyalawuleka.

Qwalasela i-UNS S32205 xa:

• Le nkqubo iphatha amanzi olwandle, amanzi anetyuwa, okanye ulwelo lwenkqubo olunekhlorayidi.
• Ukuqhekeka okubangelwa kukuguga, ukuqhekeka okubangelwa kukuguga okunzulu, okanye ukuqhekeka okubangelwa kukuguga noxinzelelo yinkxalabo enkulu.
• Amandla aphezulu anokunciphisa ubukhulu bodonga okanye aphucule ukuthembeka ngokobunjineli.
• Ixesha lokungasebenzi, ukuvuza, kunye nokungcoliseka kungadala iindleko ezinkulu zokusebenza.
• Isitshintshi sisebenza kwiinkqubo zaselwandle, zokukhupha ityuwa emanzini, zeekhemikhali, zeplapha nephepha, okanye kwiinkonzo ze-asidi.

Ukwenziwa nokutywinywa kuyachaphazela isiphumo sokugqibela.

I-alloy eyomeleleyo isenokungaphumeleli kwangethuba ukuba yenziwe ngokungachanekanga. Oku kubaluleke ngakumbi kwi- iintsimbi ezingatyiwayo eziphindwe kabini, kuba ukumelana kwazo nomhlwa nokuqina kwazo kuxhomekeke ekugcineni ibhalansi efanelekileyo yezigaba nasekuphepheni utshintsho oluyingozi lwentsimbi.

I-304 yenye yeentlobo zentsimbi engatyiwayo ekulula ukusebenza ngayo. Iwelda lula kusetyenziswa iindlela eziqhelekileyo zokuwelda insimbi engatyiwayo, iyabunjwa kakuhle, kwaye iyaziwa kakhulu kwiivenkile ezininzi zokuvelisa. Kwiprojekthi ezilula zokutshintshisana ubushushu, olu qhelano lunokunciphisa umngcipheko wemveliso kwaye luncedise ekulawuleni iindleko.

I-UNS S32205 ifuna ingqeqesho engakumbi. Ukusetyenzwa kwayo kunzima ngakumbi kuba le alloy inamandla kwaye iqinile kwizixhobo zokusebenza. Abayili banokufuna izixhobo zekhabhayidi, isantya esiphantsi sokucheba, izicwangciso eziqinileyo, kunye nokusetyenziswa ngononophelo kwezinto ezipholisayo ukulawula ubushushu nokuguga kwezixhobo.

Ukwelda i-UNS S32205 kufuna iinkqubo ezifanelekileyo. Ukufakwa kobushushu, iqondo lobushushu phakathi kwezigaba zokwelda, ukukhethwa kwesigcwalisi, kunye nesantya sokupholisa kufuneka zilawulwe ukuze kugcinwe isakhiwo se-duplex. Indlela yokwelda engalunganga inokunciphisa ukumelana nomhlwa okanye idale iinkalo ezibrittle, ngakumbi kwiindawo ezichaphazelwe bubushushu.

Uluhlu lokujonga lwenziwo lweeprojekthi ze-heat exchanger ze-UNS S32205

Phambi kokuchaza i-UNS S32205, qinisekisa ukuba umenzi uyakwazi ukuphatha iimfuno zokuveliswa kwe-duplex:

1. Iinkqubo zokutshixa ezifanelekileyo: Iinkqubo kufuneka zifaneleke kwi I-duplex engagqwali, hayi nje kuphela iyeyiselwe kwisithethe se-304.
2. Abatshisi abanamava: Abasebenzi kufuneka baqonde ulawulo lokufakwa kobushushu kunye nokubaluleka kokulungelelana kwezigaba.
3. Iintsimbi zokuzalisa ezichanekileyo: Ukukhethwa kwezixhobo zokuzalisa kufuneka kuxhase amandla, ukumelana nomhlwa, kunye nokuqina komgangatho wokuncamathisela.
4. Iqondo lobushushu elilawulwayo phakathi kweekhosi: Ubushushu obugqithisileyo bunokonakalisa isakhiwo esincinci esinqwenelekayo.
5. Ukucoca nokulungisa okufanelekileyo: Ungcoliseko okanye ukufudumala kunokunciphisa ukusebenza kokuthintela ukurusa.
6. Iindlela zokugaya ezifanelekileyo: Izixhobo zokusebenza, isantya, ukondla, kunye nokupholisa kufuneka kubonakalise amandla aphezulu e-alloy.
7. Ucwangciso lohlolo: Umgangatho wokuncamathisela, imeko yomphezulu, kunye neendawo ezibalulekileyo kufuneka zihoywe phambi kokuba zisetyenziswe.

La manyathelo ongeza ubunzima, kodwa ayinxalenye yokufumana ukusebenza okwenza i-UNS S32205 yakhethwa kwasekuqaleni.

Ukukhandela iziqwenga zesiguquli sobushushu zentsimbi engatyiwayo yohlobo lwe-duplex

Iindleko kufuneka zilinganiswe kubomi benkonzo yesixhobo sokutshintshisana.

Kulula ukuthelekisa nje ixabiso lokuthenga le-304 ne-UNS S32205, kodwa oko kunokukhokelela kwisigqibo esingajonganga phambili. I-304 idla ngokuba neendleko zokuqala eziphantsi zento kunye neendleko zokuvelisa. Ifumaneka ngokubanzi, kulula ukusebenza ngayo, kwaye iyaziwa ngabanikezeli abaninzi.

I-UNS S32205 idla ngokubiza kakhulu ekuqaleni kwaye inokwandisa ubunzima bokwenziwa kwayo. Ukutshisa, ukusebenza ngomatshini, uhlolo, kunye nokufunwa kwayo kunokufuna ucwangciso olungakumbi. Kwimeko yokusetyenziswa kwinkonzo elula, loo ndleko yongezelelweyo isenokungavakali.

Nangona kunjalo, iindleko zomjikelo wobomi zingatsho enye into kwiimeko ezonakalisayo okanye ezinoxinzelelo oluphezulu. Ukuba i-304 yenza imingxuma, yaphuka, yavuza, okanye ifuna ulungiso rhoqo, ixabiso eliphantsi lokuthenga liyanyamalala ngokukhawuleza. Ixesha lokumisa umsebenzi, iibundle zemibhobho ezitshintshwayo, ulungiso olungxamisekileyo, imveliso elahlekileyo, kunye neengozi zongcoliseko zingagqitha kwimali eyayigcinwe ekuqaleni.

I-UNS S32205 inokunciphisa iindleko ngokungathanga ngqo ngenxa yamandla ayo. Kwiidizayini ezifanelekileyo, iindonga ezibhityileyo okanye ulwakhiwo olulula lunokunciphisa ubunzima bezixhobo ngelixa kugcinwa uxinzelelo kunye neemfuno zolwakhiwo. Oku kufuna isiqinisekiso sobunjineli, kodwa sesinye sezizathu zokuba iintsimbi ezingatyiwayo ze-duplex zihlale zithathelwa ingqalelo kwizixhobo zokutshintshisana ubushushu ezifuna kakhulu kumashishini.

Iindidi ze-heat exchanger zinegalelo ekukhethweni kwezinto ezisetyenziswayo.

Iindidi ezahlukeneyo zezitshintshi-bushushu zibeka izinto zokwakha kumaxesha oxinzelelo ahlukileyo nakumngcipheko wemhlwa. I-exchanger yohlobo lwe-shell-and-tube isenokuba nezidibaniso eziphakathi kwe-tube ne-tubesheet ezinokuba nezikhewu, iindawo ezingahambiyo kucala lwe-shell, kunye neenkxalabo zovuthuzo. I-exchanger yobushushu yohlobo lwe-plate isenokuba nemijelo emincinci, iindawo zee-gasket, kunye nokusebenza okuphezulu ekudluliseni ubushushu kodwa ikwanazo neempawu ezininzi ezifana nezikhewu.

I-304 ingasebenza kakuhle kwiintlobo ze-heat exchanger apho ulwelo olusetyenziswayo lacocekile kwaye uyilo luphepha iindawo ezingahambi. Iqhele ukucingelwa xa ukulula kokwenziwa kunye neendleko kubalulekile. Kodwa ukuba uyilo lunezikhala ezininzi kwaye ulwelo luneeklorayidi, i-304 ayisabi inomtsalane kangako.

I-UNS S32205 ilungele ngakumbi xa uyilo okanye inkonzo yandisa umngcipheko wokusasazeka kwengxakana kwindawo enye. Iiyunithi ezisisicwecwe, ezimibhobho, nezidityanisiweyo ezisebenza emanzini olwandle okanye kwiikhemikhali zinokuxhamla kwintsimbi engatyiwayo yohlobo lwe-duplex kuba le ntsimbi inokumelana ngcono nokugqojozwa kunye nokuhlaselwa kwimithambo. Ukhetho lokugqibela kufuneka lusoloko luqhathaniswa nekhemistri yenkqubo yokwenene, ubushushu, uxinzelelo, kunye nenkqubo yokucoca.

Indlela elula yokukhetha izinto

Ukukhetha izinto kuba lula xa iimeko zokusebenza zixatyisiwe ngokulandelelana okufanelekileyo. Endaweni yokuqala ngexabiso, qala ngomngcipheko wokungaphumeleli.

Sebenzisa le ndlela yokwenza isigqibo:

1. Chonga ulwelo olukwamacala omabini esitshintshi. Bandakanya ikhemistri eqhelekileyo, izinto ezingcolisayo, iikhemikhali zokucoca, kunye neemeko ezinokubangela inkathazo.
2. Jonga amanqanaba eklorayidi nobushushu. Iikhlorayidi ziba yingozi ngakumbi njengoko iqondo lobushushu linyuka kwaye njengoko kuvela iintanda okanye iidipozithi.
3. Hlola uxinzelelo kunye nemithwalo ye-mekhaniki. Uxinzelelo oluphezulu, ingxothakaxo, okanye uxinzelelo oluphindaphindwayo lunokukhuthaza amandla aphezulu e-UNS S32205.
4. Vavanya iziphumo zokusilela. Ukuba ukuvuza kunokubangela ukuvalwa, ukungcoliseka, iingxaki zokhuseleko, okanye ulungiso olubiza imali eninzi, kusenokufaneleka ukusebenzisa imathiriyeli eyomeleleyo ngakumbi.
5. Vavanya amandla okwenza. Khetha i-UNS S32205 kuphela xa umenzi ekwazi ukuhlangabezana neemfuno zokutshisa i-duplex nokusebenza ngomatshini.
6. Thelekisa iindleko zomjikelo wobomi. Bandakanya iindleko zokuthenga, uhlolo, ulondolozo, umngcipheko wexesha lokungasebenzi, ubuninzi obulindelekileyo bokulungiswa, kunye nocwangciso lokutshintsha.

Le ndlela ithintela impazamo edla ngokwenzeka: Ukukhetha eyona ntsimbi engatyiwayo inexabiso eliphantsi phambi kokuqinisekisa ukuba ingakwazi na ukusinda kwinkonzo yokwenene.

Ukhetho olungcono luxhomekeke kwimeko yokusebenza.

Akukho mphumeleli umnye ofanayo phakathi kwe-304 ne-UNS S32205. I-304 yinto efanelekileyo kwiinkonzo ezilula, ingakumbi xa kuyinto ebalulekileyo ixabiso, ukufumaneka lula, kunye nokulula kokwenziwa kwayo. Isengukhetho olomeleleyo kwiimeko ezingonakaliswayo kakhulu apho iimeko zenkqubo ziqondwe kakuhle.

I-UNS S32205 yeyona ilungeleyo kwiimeko zokusebenza ezinzima. Ukumelana kwayo nomhlwa, ukusebenza kwayo ngeekhlorayidi, kunye namandla ayo oomatshini ziyenza ilungele ngakumbi amanzi olwandle, amanzi anetyuwa, iindawo ezikunxweme, ukususa ityuwa emanzini, iikhemikhali, kunye nezinye iinkqubo ezifuna kakhulu. Ifuna umsebenzi onzulu kumenzi wayo, kodwa inokumvuyisela ngobomi obude benkonzo kunye neengxaki ezimbalwa ezinxulumene nomhlwa.

Kukhetho olungqongqo lwe-heat exchanger phakathi kwe-304 ne-UNS S32205, eyona nto ibalulekileyo kukuhambelanisa imathiriyeli neengozi zokwenene ezingaphakathi kwisixhobo. Ukuba imeko-bume ayinabungozi, i-304 isenokuba lukhetho olusebenzayo. Ukuba umngcipheko wokusaseka, uxinzelelo, okanye ixesha lokungasebenzi uphezulu, i-UNS S32205 isoloko isigqibo esihlala ixesha elide nesonga iindleko kubo bonke ubomi besixhobo sokutshintshisana ngobushushu.